Nevertheless, existing studies call for more detailed observation of the acorn use operational chain. Some scholars further relate the ethnographic information to interpretation of acorn remains in archaeological sites ( Rosenberg, 2008 Hosoya, 2011 Primavera and Fiorentino, 2013 Chen and Chen, 2019 Wang and Jiang, 2022). Based on existing literature and first or second-hand ethnographic sources, these studies explicit the operational chain of acorn processing in various context. Rosenberg, 2008 Hosoya, 2011 Ahn, 2012 Primavera and Fiorentino, 2013 Chen and Chen, 2019 Wang and Jiang, 2022). There have been a number of studies addressing the Chaîne Opératoire of acorn processing (e.g. Previous studies are largely focused on each individual procedure of acorn use, such as acorn collection ( Qin et al., 2010), acorn storage ( Im and Lee, 2010) and culinary tradition ( Liu et al., 2010a Zhang, 2011 Stevens and McElreath, 2015 Yao et al., 2016). This paper assesses the Chaîne Opératoire (or operational chain) of acorn utilization in modern East Asia so as to provide new insight for research on acorn findings. Recognizing the remains and residues concerning acorn processing from archaeological sites accordingly becomes crucial. The significance of acorn utilization as a subsistence strategy in pre-agricultural period is often discussed, which is considered to be related to the origin of agriculture ( McCorriston, 1994 Barlow and Heck, 2002 Fuller and Qin, 2010). Particularly in East Asia, the widespread findings of acorn remains, especially large quantities from sites such as Kuahuqiao and Tianluoshan in Southeast China, Bibong-ri in South Korea, Sobata and Saka-no-shita in Japan, suggest that acorns might once have played a very important part in the diet of human beings ( Saga Prefecture Education Committee, 1977 Takahashi and Hosoya, 2002 ZPICRA, 2004 Sun et al., 2007 Lee, 2008 Fuller et al., 2011). Acorns have a long history of human utilization in many parts of the world, with archaeological evidence traced back to more than 700,000 years ago ( Mason, 1992 Melamed et al., 2016). ![]() Yang, 1979 Zhao and Zhang, 2009 Fuller et al., 2011) while in more cases, archaeological excavation reports tend to use the term of acorn without differentiation (e.g. The identification of acorn species is sometimes discussed by archaeobotanists (e.g. They are generally round or oblong in shape, and contain a kernel wrapped in a tough and smooth leathery shell with a cup-shaped cupule. Acorns are often described as being rich in starch and used as food or fodder ( Hu et al., 2000). ![]() The term acorn refers to the fruit of genera Quercus, Cyclobalanopsis, Castanopsis and Lithocarpus of the family Fagaceae.
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